Introduction to animal rights

Introduction to animal rights

Animal rights versus animal welfare

The difference between animal rights and animal welfare has been summed up like this:

Animal rights advocates are campaigning for no cages, while animal welfarists are campaigning for bigger cages.

Animal rights supporters believe that it is morally wrong to use or exploit animals in any way and that human beings should not do so.
Animal welfare supporters believe that it can be morally acceptable for human beings to use or exploit animals, as long as: the suffering of the animals is either eliminated or reduced to the minimum and there is no practicable way of achieving the same end without using animals.
For people who think like this, the suffering to animals is at the heart of the issue, and reducing the suffering reduces the wrong that is done.
Supporters of animal rights don't think that doing wrong things humanely makes them any less wrong.

Do animals need rights?

Animals don't need rights to deserve protection; a good moral case can made for treating them well and considering their interests that doesn't involve accepting animal rights.

Why animal rights?

Many animal lovers think animals don't just deserve protection in a paternalistic way. They say that animals have rights that must be respected.
Rights are much more important than interests, because rights impose a burden on others that the other parties must accept.
If animals do have rights then there are certain things that human beings should not do to animals, because doing them would violate the animal's rights.
This applies regardless of the cost to human beings. If humanity must suffer some disadvantage as the consequence of respecting animal rights, then that's the way it has to be.

Which animals have rights?

Nobody thinks that all animals should have rights - the question is where to draw the line.
One elegant phrase suggests that animal rights should be restricted to those animals that "have a biography, not merely a biology."
This means that only the higher animals would have rights - those animals that are conscious, can remember, and can form intentions and plan and act for the future.
Although we already know many animals have senses of humour!

Human rights versus animal rights

No-one suggests that animals should have all the same rights as human beings.
There are many rights that are entirely irrelevant to animals, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, the right to vote, the right to an education and so on.

The human consequences of animal rights

Accepting that non-human animals have rights requires human beings to accept that:

• non-human animals are conscious beings not machines or objects
• non-human animals have interests of their own
• human beings should respect the interests of non-human animals
• human beings should not exploit non-human animals
• human beings should not treat non-human animals as objects
• human beings should not kill non-human animals
  • unless non-human animals have the right not to be killed, any other rights are pointless since they can be circumvented by killing the animal

Accepting that non-human animals have rights restricts human beings, and may even cause people to die who might otherwise have lived.
For example, it means that human beings can't use non-human animals in medical experiments - even if this restriction will lead to the death of many human beings from a disease for which a cure might be discovered through animal experimentation.